We will divide the Biology course into 3 sections and 16 chapters:
UNIT 1 (Chap. 1-3)
1. Living things
2. The cell
3. Food
UNIT 2 (Chap. 4-11)
4. Digestive system and Enzymes
5. Respiration system
6. Breathing system
7. Circulatory system
8. Excretory system
9. Skeletal and Muscular system
10. Sensory and Nervous system
11. Reproductive system and Genetics
UNIT 3 (Chap. 12-16)
12. Plant Structure
13. Photosynthesis and Tropisms
14. Plant Reproduction
15. Ecology
16. Microbiology and Biotechnology
UNIT 1 (Chap. 1-3)
1. Living things
2. The cell
3. Food
UNIT 2 (Chap. 4-11)
4. Digestive system and Enzymes
5. Respiration system
6. Breathing system
7. Circulatory system
8. Excretory system
9. Skeletal and Muscular system
10. Sensory and Nervous system
11. Reproductive system and Genetics
UNIT 3 (Chap. 12-16)
12. Plant Structure
13. Photosynthesis and Tropisms
14. Plant Reproduction
15. Ecology
16. Microbiology and Biotechnology
Unit 1 (Chap. 1-3)
1. Living things
2. The cell
3. Foods
Chapter 1. Living things
- Living things can be classified as plants and animals.
- Below is a table of comparisons.
How do we know if something is a living thing?
- The 7 Characteristics of Life.
Something is living ONLY if it has ALL of these 7 characteristics.
- The 7 Characteristics of Life.
- Respiration - Release of energy
- Nutrition - Getting food
- Excretion - Removal of waste
- Response - Reactions
- Movement - Moving
- Reproduction - Formation of new individuals
- Growth - Getting bigger
Something is living ONLY if it has ALL of these 7 characteristics.
Chapter 2. Cells
- All living things are made up of cells
- There are two main types of cells for living things - Plants: eg. Onion cell
- - Animals: eg. Red blood cell
- They differ in structures in and roles
- Below are two diagrams of the two different cells
Plant Cells
Animal Cells
THERE IS A MANDATORY EXPERIMENT WHERE YOU HAVE TO VIEW AN ONION CELL UNDER A MICROSCOPE.THERE IS A LINK IN THE TOP TIPS SECTION , TO A YOUTUBE VIDEO WHICH CONTAINS A VIDEO DEMONSTRATION OF ALL THE MANDATORY EXPERIMENTS
Questions:
- Nucleus = Contains chromosomes which control the cell
- Cytoplasm = Liquid where cell reactions take place
- Cell Membrane = allow certain substances into and out of the cell
- Cell Wall = Strength and support
- Vacuole = Store food, water and wastes
- Chloroplasts = Conduct Photosynthesis
Animal Cells
- Cell Membrane, Nucleus and Cytoplasm = Same function as in plant cell
THERE IS A MANDATORY EXPERIMENT WHERE YOU HAVE TO VIEW AN ONION CELL UNDER A MICROSCOPE.THERE IS A LINK IN THE TOP TIPS SECTION , TO A YOUTUBE VIDEO WHICH CONTAINS A VIDEO DEMONSTRATION OF ALL THE MANDATORY EXPERIMENTS
Questions:
jc_cell_questions.odt | |
File Size: | 154 kb |
File Type: | odt |
Chapter 3. Foods
Balanced diets
A balanced diet is one which has the right amount of the 6 different food types.
The food types and their tests -
A balanced diet is one which has the right amount of the 6 different food types.
The food types and their tests -
MANDATORY EXPERIMENT - TO SHOW THE CONVERSION OF ENERGY INTO FOOD HEAT (SEE TOP TIPS SECTION)
Unit 2 (Chap. 4-11)
4. Digestive system and Enzymes
5. Respiration system
6. Breathing system
7. Circulatory system
8. Excretory system
9. Skeletal and Muscular system
10. Sensory and Nervous system
11. Reproductive system and Genetics
Unit 2 (Chap. 4-11)
4. Digestive system and Enzymes
5. Respiration system
6. Breathing system
7. Circulatory system
8. Excretory system
9. Skeletal and Muscular system
10. Sensory and Nervous system
11. Reproductive system and Genetics
Chapter 4. Digestive system and Enzymes
Digestion
[1] Mouth
[2] Oesophagus
[3] Stomach
[4] Small Intestine
[5] Large Intestine
There are two types of digestion:
(1) Physical Digestion: Where the food is broken down by the teeth and by muscles in the digestive system.
(2) Chemical Digestion: Where the food is broken down by chemical called enzymes.
The stages in human nutrition are:
1. Eating (First the food is takens into the mouth)
2. Digestion (The food is broken down into smaller, soluble molecules)
3. Absorption (The digested food is taken into the bloodstream and carried to the cells where is is used)
4. Removal of undigested waste (Getting rid of undigested waste as faeces)
Enzymes
Functions and parts of the Digestive System
- Digestion is the breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into small soluble food molecules.
- After the food is digested it is absorbed into the bloodstream.
- The digestive system or gut consists of the following parts:
[1] Mouth
[2] Oesophagus
[3] Stomach
[4] Small Intestine
[5] Large Intestine
There are two types of digestion:
(1) Physical Digestion: Where the food is broken down by the teeth and by muscles in the digestive system.
(2) Chemical Digestion: Where the food is broken down by chemical called enzymes.
The stages in human nutrition are:
1. Eating (First the food is takens into the mouth)
2. Digestion (The food is broken down into smaller, soluble molecules)
3. Absorption (The digested food is taken into the bloodstream and carried to the cells where is is used)
4. Removal of undigested waste (Getting rid of undigested waste as faeces)
Enzymes
- Enzymes are chemicals that speed up chemical reactions in cells.
- The substance an enzymes works on is called the substrate, and the substance produced by the enzymes is called the product.
- Chemicals that alter the speed of a reaction but are not used in the reaction are called catalysts.
- Enzymes are catalysts that work in cells, and are often called biological catalysts.
- Amylase is an enzyme found in saliva in the mouth and in the small intestine. Starch (substrate) + Amylase (enzyme) ---> Maltose (product)
Functions and parts of the Digestive System
Mouth: Physical digestion by teeth + Chemical digestion by enzymes.
Oesophagus: Carries food from mouth to stomach.
Stomach: Food is mixed with digestive enzymes and churned.
Liver: Produces bile.
Pancreas: Produces digestive enzymes.
Small Intestine: Completes digestion. Digested food absorbed into bloodstream.
Large Intestine: Takes water back into blood stream.
Types of teeth
Oesophagus: Carries food from mouth to stomach.
Stomach: Food is mixed with digestive enzymes and churned.
Liver: Produces bile.
Pancreas: Produces digestive enzymes.
Small Intestine: Completes digestion. Digested food absorbed into bloodstream.
Large Intestine: Takes water back into blood stream.
Types of teeth
Incisor: Cutting and biting food
Canine: Tearing food
Premolar: Crushing and grinding food
Molar: Crushing and grinding food
Canine: Tearing food
Premolar: Crushing and grinding food
Molar: Crushing and grinding food
Chapter 5. The Respiration system
- Respiration is needed for growth, movement and chemical reactions in the cells.
- Respiration is the release of energy from digested food.
- Green plants make their own food. They use this food to get energy for all their activities.
- Animals then either eat the plants or eat the animals that have eaten the plants.
- During respiration, food is broken down in the presence of oxygen, producing energy, carbon dioxide and water. The carbon dioxide and water are waste products.
Aerobic Respiration
- The process of aerobic respiration can be summarised by the following word equation:
- Because oxygen is required for respiration by most cells, the process is known as aerobic respiration.
Chapter 6. The Human Breathing system
The human breathing system is also known as the human respiratory system.
The main parts of the system are -
The nose = Inhales air
Voice box = Contains vocal chords which allow speech
Trachea = Made of cartilage, allows air to pass through
Bronchus = Each one takes air to the lungs
Bronchioles = Carry air to and from the Alveoli
Alveolous = (Plural of Alveoli) Each one exchanges gas with the bloodstream
Diaphragm = Muscle that moves air in and out of the lungs (up and down - breathing in and out).
The Rib muscles (Or Intercostal muscles) do this also.
The main parts of the system are -
The nose = Inhales air
Voice box = Contains vocal chords which allow speech
Trachea = Made of cartilage, allows air to pass through
Bronchus = Each one takes air to the lungs
Bronchioles = Carry air to and from the Alveoli
Alveolous = (Plural of Alveoli) Each one exchanges gas with the bloodstream
Diaphragm = Muscle that moves air in and out of the lungs (up and down - breathing in and out).
The Rib muscles (Or Intercostal muscles) do this also.
Gas exchange in the alveoli
Inhaled Air vs. Exhaled Air
Mandatory experiments in this chapter:
To compare CO₂ (carbon dioxide) levels in exhaled air and exhaled air (link to video of experiment in top tips section)
The effects of Smoking
- More oxygen in inhaled air (21%) than exhaled air (16%)
- Less Carbon Dioxide in inhaled air (0.04%) than exhaled air (4%)
- Less water vapour in inhaled air
- Same nitrogen concentration
Mandatory experiments in this chapter:
To compare CO₂ (carbon dioxide) levels in exhaled air and exhaled air (link to video of experiment in top tips section)
The effects of Smoking
Chapter 7. The Circulatory system
Blood is made up of: [1] Plasma - The liquid part of blood which carries chemicals around the body
[2] Red blood cells - Formed in the bone marrow
- Contain Haemoglobin (Iron based red pigment)
- Transport Oxygen
[3] White blood cells - Made in bone marrow
- Fight infections
[4] Platelets - Made in the bone marrow
- Form blood clots
Blood vessels
- Thick, strong walls to resist pressures
- Have thin walls
- Have valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards
- Have very thin walls
- Allow substances to pass in and out (to and from body cells)
- Arteries ---> - Carry blood Away from the heart (A for Arteries, A for Away)
- Thick, strong walls to resist pressures
- Veins ---> - Carry blood towards heart
- Have thin walls
- Have valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards
- Capillaries ---> - Connect arteries to veins
- Have very thin walls
- Allow substances to pass in and out (to and from body cells)
The Heart
(The left of the heart as you see it is actually the right side of the heart).
Note: Pulmonary means something to do with the lungs e.g Pulmonary Artery carries blood to the lungs.
LORD = Left Oxygenated Right Deoxygenated
Pulse rate and exercise
(The left of the heart as you see it is actually the right side of the heart).
- The right (left as you see it) side is responsible for pumping blood to the lungs
- The left (right as you see it) side pumps blood to the rest of the body
- The main blood vessels of the heart are - The Aorta (Artery), Vena Cava (vein), Pulmonary Artrery and Pulmonary Vein
Note: Pulmonary means something to do with the lungs e.g Pulmonary Artery carries blood to the lungs.
LORD = Left Oxygenated Right Deoxygenated
Pulse rate and exercise
- A pulse rate is caused by the surge of blood in an artery due to a heartbeat.
- The average pulse rate is 70 bpm ( beats per minute )
- Excercise increases heart rate. This strengthens the heart and reduces weight.
Chapter 8. The Excretory system
Organs of excretion ---> The skin excretes salt and water (sweat)
The kidneys excretes salts water and urea (unwanted proteins , made in the liver)
The lungs excretes carbon dioxide and water
The urinary system consists of the ---> Renal Artery - Carries the blood with waste products into the kidneys
Kidney - Filters waste from blood forming urea
Renal Vein - Carries clean blood out of the kidney
Ureter - Carries urine to the bladder
Bladder - Stores urine
Urethra - Excretes urine
The kidneys
Functions - To remove waste products from the blood
To control the amounts of water and salts in the body
Skin (sweat)
Function - Contains salt and water
- Is made by sweat glands under the skin
- Passes up through sweat ducts
- Passes out through sweat pores
- Excretes salt and water to help cool the body
Functions - To remove waste products from the blood
To control the amounts of water and salts in the body
Skin (sweat)
Function - Contains salt and water
- Is made by sweat glands under the skin
- Passes up through sweat ducts
- Passes out through sweat pores
- Excretes salt and water to help cool the body
Chapter 9. The Skeletal and Muscular system
Joints
- There are 3 types of joints - Fused, hinged and ball and socket:
---> Ball and socket joint = Allows movement in all directions
- e.g. The houlders and hip
---> Hinged joint = Allow movement in one direction only
- e.g. Ebows and knees
Cartilage, Tendons, Ligaments
Cartilage = Cartilage covers and protects the end of bones
Tendon = Tendons connect muscles to bones
Ligament = Connect bones to bones
Muscles
- Made of protein
- Can only contract (make themselves smaller)
- Work in pairs - Antagonistic
- e.g Biceps and triceps
- Triceps contract to lower arm
- Biceps contract to raise arm
Chapter 10. Sensory and Nervous system
- The change to which your body responds is called the stimulus, e.g. Heat
- The reaction is the response, e.g. Taking your hand away.
The Senses
- Humans use their sense organs to gather information from their surroundings.
- The five main sense organs are the ears, eyes, nose, skin and tongue.
- The five senes are sound, sight, smell, touch and taste.
- Humans use their sense organs to gather information from their surroundings.
- The five main sense organs are the ears, eyes, nose, skin and tongue.
- The five senes are sound, sight, smell, touch and taste.
The Eye
- The eye helps us to detect light and distinguish colours. To do this eyes have special sensory cells, which are found on the part of the eye called the retina.
- The eye is made up of three main layers: [1] The sclera [2] The choroid [3] The retina.
- [1] The sclera is the outermost layer of the eye. The sclera has a protective function.
- [2] The choroid is the middle layer of the eye. It has a dark colour and has the blood vessels to nourish the eye. The choroid stop light from bouncing around inside the eye.
- [3] The retina is the innermost layer of the eye. It contains the light receptor cells and the nerves. The receptor cells detect light. They pass the information to the brain along the optic nerve.
Part of the eye Function
Iris Controls the amount of light entering the eye.
Lens Focuses light onto the retina.
Optic Nerve Carries nerve impulses from the eye to the brain.
Pupil Allows light to enter the eye.
Retina Has the light receptor cells / detects light.
Ciliary Muscle Changes the shape of the lens.
Cornea Allows light into the eye and bends the light rays.
Iris Controls the amount of light entering the eye.
Lens Focuses light onto the retina.
Optic Nerve Carries nerve impulses from the eye to the brain.
Pupil Allows light to enter the eye.
Retina Has the light receptor cells / detects light.
Ciliary Muscle Changes the shape of the lens.
Cornea Allows light into the eye and bends the light rays.
The Nervous system
- Our nervous system receives information from the senses and organises the body's responses to it.
- The nervous system consists of the following: - The central nervous system (CNS) - The nerves that lead to and from the CNS
The Central Nervous System
- The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
- The brain is protected by the skull and the spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae of the backbone.
- Messages from the senses are brought to the CNS for interpretation. The brain is the most complex organ of the body. It is made up of millions of special nerve cells.
Role of the CNS
- To receive information from the sense organs.
- To send a response to the muscles and glands.
- To be responsible for memory, intelligence and our emotions.
Nerves
- To receive information from the sense organs.
- To send a response to the muscles and glands.
- To be responsible for memory, intelligence and our emotions.
Nerves
- A nerve is a structure made up of bundles of special nerve cells called neurons.
- Nerves carry messages to and from the CNS.
- There are two different types of nerve, sensory nerves and motor nerves.
- Sensory nerves carry impulses to the brain and spinal cord.
- Motor nerves carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.
- Useful tip ---> An easy way of remembering which nerve type goes where is to think that motor nerves go to the muscles i.e motor = moving and muscles move
Chapter 11. Reproductive system and Genetics
- Reproduction is one of the characteristics of all living things. Reproduction means being able to produce new individuals.
- Humans reproduce using sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction always involves two parents. Each parent produces special egg cells called gametes. The female gamete is called the egg. The male gametes are the sperm.
- During fertilization the male gametes join together and form a zygote. The zygote grows into a new individual.
The male and female reproductive systems
Part Function
Testicles Produces sperm and hormones
Scrotum Support and holds testes outside the body
Sperm duct Carries sperm from the testes to the urethra in
the penis
Prostate and seminal vesicles Secretes fluid which protect and nourish the sperm
Penis Transfers sperm to the woman's body
Testicles Produces sperm and hormones
Scrotum Support and holds testes outside the body
Sperm duct Carries sperm from the testes to the urethra in
the penis
Prostate and seminal vesicles Secretes fluid which protect and nourish the sperm
Penis Transfers sperm to the woman's body
Part Function
Ovary Produces eggs and hormones
Oviduct Transfers egg to the womb and is the site of fertilisation
Uterus Site of implantation and where the baby develops during pregnancy
Cervix Where sperm are released during sexual intercourse
Vagina Hold the penis during sexual intercourse
Ovary Produces eggs and hormones
Oviduct Transfers egg to the womb and is the site of fertilisation
Uterus Site of implantation and where the baby develops during pregnancy
Cervix Where sperm are released during sexual intercourse
Vagina Hold the penis during sexual intercourse
Puberty
- Between the ages of 10-15 years, the reproductive system mature and begin to function. This period of development is called puberty.
- Puberty is the time when the sex organs mature and other physical and emotional changes take place.
Puberty in boys
- In boys puberty begins at about 12-13 years of age, later than in girls
- Some reach maturity before this age while others do no reach puberty until 15 or 16
- Sexual features that develop during puberty in boys are: - The testes and penis grow in size - The shoulders broaden and there's an increase in body muscle - The voice 'breaks', then deepens - Hair grows around the sex organs, face, chest, underarms - Production of sperm begins
Puberty in girls
- Girls usually begin puberty one or two years before boys
- Some girls reach puberty as early as ten years old whereas others do not reach it until they are 16
- Sexual features that develop during puberty in girls are: - The ovaries and womb grow in size - The breasts enlarge and the hips broaden - Pubic hair grows - Production of eggs begins - The menstrual cycle begins
The Menstrual Cycle
The Menstrual Cycle is a series of changes which take place in the female body to prepare it for pregnancy. On average, the Menstrual Cycle is 28 days long, but this can vary from one person to another or from one month to another.
The Menstrual Cycle is a series of changes which take place in the female body to prepare it for pregnancy. On average, the Menstrual Cycle is 28 days long, but this can vary from one person to another or from one month to another.
- Every month, the lining of the womb is built up with blood. This is needed to nourish a fertilised egg.
- But if the egg is not fertilised it passes through the womb and out of the body through the vagina.
- The lining of the womb then breaks down and is shed over a period of five days, this is known as menstruation or having a 'period'.
Genetics
Inherited characteristics ----> - Controlled by genes
- Passed on from parent to child
eg. Eye colour
Non-inherited characteristics ----> - Are not controlled by genes
- Are learned during life
eg. Reading
Chromosomes and Genes
Chromosomes
- Genetics is the study of how traits are passed on from person to person
Inherited characteristics ----> - Controlled by genes
- Passed on from parent to child
eg. Eye colour
Non-inherited characteristics ----> - Are not controlled by genes
- Are learned during life
eg. Reading
Chromosomes and Genes
Chromosomes
- Chromosomes are found in the nucleus
- Made of DNA
- Contain genes ( a section of DNA that can produce a protein)
- Normal human cells have 46 chromosomes
- Sperm and eggs have only 23 chromosomes
UNIT 3 (Chap. 12-16)
12. Plant Structure
13. Photosynthesis
14. Plant Reproduction
15. Ecology
16. Microbiology
Chapter 12. Plant Structure
Functions of main parts of the plant
- A typical flowering plant consists of: Roots, stem, leaves and flower(s)
- The roots of a plant usually grow down into the ground
- The stem, leaves and flowers form the shoot which is above the ground
Part Function
Root Anchor the plant into the ground
Take in water and minerals from the plant
Stem Hold up the leaves, flowers and fruits
Carry water and minerals from the roots to the leaves and flowers
Carry food, made in the leaves, to other parts of the plant
Leaves Make food and oxygen through photosynthesis
Allow exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases
Carry food made in the leaves to other parts of the plant
Flower Sexual Reproduction - Produce seeds
Transport in plants
Root Anchor the plant into the ground
Take in water and minerals from the plant
Stem Hold up the leaves, flowers and fruits
Carry water and minerals from the roots to the leaves and flowers
Carry food, made in the leaves, to other parts of the plant
Leaves Make food and oxygen through photosynthesis
Allow exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases
Carry food made in the leaves to other parts of the plant
Flower Sexual Reproduction - Produce seeds
Transport in plants
- If plants are to carry out activities they must be able to get the materials to make food and energy, this means plants need a transport system.
Transport Tissue
Passage of water and minerals through a plant
1. Water is taken into the roots of a plant from the soil
2. It travels up the stem to the leaves in the water transporting tissue (xylem)
3. In the leaves some of the water is used to make photosynthesis
4. The remaining water passes out of the leaves into the air
Transpiration
- Xylem: Carries water and minerals from the roots upwards to the leaves and flowers
- Phloem: Carries food made in the leaves to all the other parts of the plant
Passage of water and minerals through a plant
1. Water is taken into the roots of a plant from the soil
2. It travels up the stem to the leaves in the water transporting tissue (xylem)
3. In the leaves some of the water is used to make photosynthesis
4. The remaining water passes out of the leaves into the air
Transpiration
- The loss of water from the surface of the plant is known as transpiration
- This loss of water usually takes place through tiny openings in the leaves called stomata
- The functions of transpiration are to bring water and minerals up to the leaves and to cool the plant
Chapter 13. Photosynthesis and Tropisms
Photosynthesis
- Plants make their own food using light energy from the sun, this process is called photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis takes place in the leaves and other green parts of the plant
- The green colour in plants is due to the pigment chlorophyll Factors need for photosynthesis [1] Carbon Dioxide: Comes from the air and enter the plant through the stomata [2] Water: Comes from the soil and travels up the roots in the transport tissue (xylem) [3] Chlorophyll: Green pigment found in leaves. Traps light energy and converts it to --> chemical energy [4] Light: Comes from the sun. Absorbed by the chlorophyll in the leaves and is the energy needed to make food
Products of Photosynthesis
[1] Glucose
- Can be used in respiration of the plant to produce energy for the plant
- Can be stored as starch in the leaves or transported around the plant
- Can be converted to protein
[2] Oxygen
- Can be used in respiration to produce energy for the plant
- Can be released from the plant and used by other organisms
Word equation for photosynthesis: Carbon Dioxide + Water -----Light + Chlorophyll-----> Glucose + Oxygen
Tropisms
[1] Glucose
- Can be used in respiration of the plant to produce energy for the plant
- Can be stored as starch in the leaves or transported around the plant
- Can be converted to protein
[2] Oxygen
- Can be used in respiration to produce energy for the plant
- Can be released from the plant and used by other organisms
Word equation for photosynthesis: Carbon Dioxide + Water -----Light + Chlorophyll-----> Glucose + Oxygen
Tropisms
- Plants respond to changes in their surroundings
- A tropism is a growth response of a plant to a stimulus
- Phototropism is the growth response of a plant to light
- Geotropism is the growth response of a plant to the force of gravity
Chapter 14. Plant Reproduction
- There are two types of reproduction: Asexual and sexual
- Asexual Reproduction involves only one parent and involves no gametes. The new individuals are identical to their parents
- Sexual Reproduction involves two parents. Each produces sex cells called gametes. The two gametes come together and form a zygote
The Flower
- The flower of a plant contains the reproductive organs. The male organs are the stamens and the female organs are the carpels Sepals protect the flower before is blooms Petals attract insects to the flower Stamens produce the pollen grains which produce the male gamete Carpels produce the egg
- The stamen is made up of the filament and anther. The filament supports the anther. The anther produces the pollen grains.
- The carpel is made up of the stigma, style and ovary. The stigma is the place where pollen lands. The style connects the stigma to the ovary. The ovary contains the egg.
- The ovary produces the egg
Stages of Sexual Reproduction in Plants
1. Pollination (Transfer of pollen from the stamen to the carpel)
2. Fertilisation (Male and female gamete come together to produce a zygote)
3. Seed formation (The fertilised ovary becomes a seed)
4. Seed dispersal (Seeds are dispersed to avoid competing with the parent plant for resources)
5. Germination (Growth of the seed into a new plant)
1. Pollination (Transfer of pollen from the stamen to the carpel)
2. Fertilisation (Male and female gamete come together to produce a zygote)
3. Seed formation (The fertilised ovary becomes a seed)
4. Seed dispersal (Seeds are dispersed to avoid competing with the parent plant for resources)
5. Germination (Growth of the seed into a new plant)
Chapter 15. Ecology
- Ecology is the study of how living things interact with eachother and with their environment
- Animals rely on plants for food and shelter. Plants rely on animals to transfer pollen Habitats
- The habitat of an organism is the place where it lives. Examples include woodland, pond, sea shore.
- Together plants and animals for a unit called an ecosystem
- Each habitat is made up of a different population of plants and animals. eg. Sea shore: Crabs, shells, shrimps
- A food chain is a feeding relationship between organisms. e.g. Grass --> Rabbit --> Fox
- A producer makes its own food. e.g. Grass
- A consumer cannot make its own food, it eats plants or animals
- There are three types of consumer: Herbivore (only eats plants), carnivore (only eats meat), omnivore (eats plants and meat)
- Decomposers break down organic matter (e.g. Bacteria and fungi)
Adaptation
- When an organism has its own characteristics that make it well suited to the environment it lives in
Competition
- Competition takes place when organisms fight for the same resources in the habitat
- Plants compete for light, water, space and minerals. (e.g. Dandelions and Grass compete for light)
- Animals compete for food, territory, mates and shelter (e.g. Thrushes and blackbirds compete for earthworms)
Interdependence
- When two different types of organism need eachother to stay alive.
- Animals depend on plants for shelter and food (e.g. Rabbits eat grass)
- Plants depend on animals to transfer pollen (e.g. Bees transfer pollen)
Chapter 16. Microbiology and Biotechnology
- Microbiology is the study of very tiny organisms which can usually only be seen with a microscope. The main examples of micro-organisms are: Fungi, bacteria and viruses.
Fungi
- Fungi are the largest type of micro-organism. They include mushrooms and bread mold. Fungi cannot make their own food.
Advantages of fungi
- Feed on dead organic matter like soil, leaf litter and wood
- Used to produce antibiotics as they contain nutrients
- Used in dishes (mushrooms)
Disadvantages of fungi
- Cause athlete's foot
- Cause food spoilage on bread
- Causes food poisoning
- Feed on dead organic matter like soil, leaf litter and wood
- Used to produce antibiotics as they contain nutrients
- Used in dishes (mushrooms)
Disadvantages of fungi
- Cause athlete's foot
- Cause food spoilage on bread
- Causes food poisoning
Bacteria
- Bacteria are made of only one cell and can only be seen under a microscope. Bacteria can live almost anywhere and is found in soil, water and the air. Bacteria is also found on plants and humans
Advantages of bacteria
- Digest food
- Used to produce antibiotics
- Used to make yoghurt, cheese and bread
Disadvantages of bacteria
- Cause diseases
- Cause food spoilage
- Cause tooth decay
- Digest food
- Used to produce antibiotics
- Used to make yoghurt, cheese and bread
Disadvantages of bacteria
- Cause diseases
- Cause food spoilage
- Cause tooth decay
Viruses
- Viruses are much smaller than bacteria or fungi, they can only be seen under an electron microscope. Viruses are parasites which means they must live in or on another living thing.
Biotechnology
- Biotechnology is the use of organisms to make useful products such as antibiotics and enzymes
- Two uses of biotechnology are: (1) Using yeast in making alcohol and (2) using enzymes from bacteria in washing powders